Study of Genotype X Environment Intraction in Asiatic Cotton Gossypium

Cotton is known as â€Å"White Gold†. Gossypium arboreum belongs to family Malvaecae with diploid set of genome have 13 chromosome number. Genotype Ãâ€" environment (GE) interactions have major role in development of improved cultivars. A cultivar is said to be commercially successful, if it performs well across the range of environments in which it grows. The differential response of a genotype or cultivar for a given trait across environments is defined as the genotype Ãâ€" environment interaction (G Ãâ€" E). Bilbro and Ray (1976) indicated that a successful breeding program should focus efforts on genotype yield level (average yield compared to standards), adaptation (what environment does the genotype best perform in), and stability (how consistent does the genotype yield compared to others). Genotype refers to the set of genes possessed by individual that is important for the expression of traits under investigation. The environment is defined as all non-genetic factor s that influence the expression of the trait and influence the growth and development of individuals. G Ãâ€" E interaction is a differential genotypic expression across environments (Basford and Cooper, 1998). According to Romagosa and Fox (1993), G x E interaction reduces association between phenotypic and genotypic values of a genotype. This may cause promising selections from one environment to perform poorly in one and better in another environment, forcing plant breeders to examine genotypic adaptation (Sharma et al., 1987). Varieties are tested in many environments due to changing their performance and adaptation ability. However, important G Ãâ€" E interactions decreases relationship between phenotype and genotype and also genetics improvements in breeding programmes (Comst... ... (1963) Genotype x environment interactions statistical genetics and plant breeding. Eds. Hanson, W. D. and Robinson H. F. National Academy of Science, National Research Council Publication, 982 : 164-196. Eberhart, S A and Russell R A (1966) Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Science, 6 : 36-40. Lukonge E P (2005) Characterisation and diallel analysis of commercially planted cotton (Gossypium hirsutum l.) germplasm in Tanzania. Phd Thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Myers G O (2004) Estimation of potential breeding value and genotype stability of cotton strains and varieties. http://www.cottoninc.com. Romagosa I and Fox, P N (1993) Genotype x environmental interaction and adaptation. In: M.D Hayward, N.O. Bosemark and I. Romagosa (Eds.), Plant breeding: Principles and Prospects pp 373-390. Chapman and Hall, London.

General Appliance Corporation Essay

Executive Summary The General Appliance Corporation (GAC), specializing on manufacturing various kinds of home appliances. The GAC was decentralized and it divided into 4 main product divisions, 4 manufacturing divisions as well as 6 staff offices. GAC manufactured few component parts and usually bought them from outside vendors. Transfer prices of the parts were negotiated between departments based on outside suppliers’ price. While the purchasing staff had the power to settle disputes when there was a disagreement. This management style and method created various problems within the company because the lack of communication, coordination, and motivation. Besides, departments have less power and authority on resources allocation and there was extensive measurement in the company. As a result, GAC has to refine its transfer rules, setting guidelines to avoid disputes between divisions and outside vendors. Issues and Analysis Issue #1 â€Å"Stove top Problem†: When the chrome products division sold a chrome plated unit that fitted on the top of the stove. Due to various complaints from customers, chrome products division to refine products leading an increase the cost of the stove top ($10) by a dollar. 90 cents less than outside supplier (manufacturing costs are deemed to have increased by 80 cents). (Quality; communication; transfer prices Resolution: Engineer department said the costs were reasonable and quality control said the quality improved and better than previously supplied. Issue #2 â€Å"thermostatic control problem† Refrigeration Division initially used 25% of their Thermostatic Control Unit produced from Electric Motor Division internally. All remaining unites are purchased from Monsoon Controls Corp in 1985. It increased to 100% produced internally by 1988. After Monsoon Controls proposed a price of $2.15/unit, electric motor division refuses to drop its price lower than $2.40 to all products divisions. Resolution: Refrigeration Division could purchase all at $2.15 but the price is lower because of excess capacity. If purchase all, the price would go up to around $2.40 too. Issue #3 â€Å"transmission problem† The Laundry Division produces automatic washers and bought its parts from two sources : internally in the Gear and Transmission Division and externally form the Thorndike Machining Corp. GAC would like to expand and wanted to produce all the manufacturing parts, therefore, not renewing contract with Thorndike. Thorndike proposed a new price with reductions because they had specially built machines for the transmission and expected to increase productivity. Gear division also develop a lower cost and better performance transmission. Laundry Division refused to accept the price of $12 and proposed $11.21 instead. Resolution: The Finance department thought the costs of the Thorndike unit was 11.25 and found out the price of the Gear and transmission price was in error and could be reduce by 50 cents. The purchasing staff stated that laundry division can obtain from outsource at the quoted price for a better future. Recommendation GAC should refine its transfer pricing policies and methods to reduce disputes between divisions within company. First, they can focus more on short term profit maximization because signing long term contracts with either divisions will causes higher cost prices. As a good company, its product quality should be in their main consideration, customer will buy better quality rather than its price. Third, the management should give power to the product division to select which manufacturers they wanted. However, they have to bear the consequences if the results gone bad (e.g. bad quality for cheaper price). Forth, A committee should set up to investigate the pros and cons to the divisions for a better decisions and judgments for product division to made before ordering parts.

King Lear Act 1 Scene Essay - 1276 Words

King Lear Act 1 Scene What impact did Act 1 Scene 1 of King Lear have on you? The first scene of the first act of King Lear had a genuinely dramatic affect upon me. This first glimpse into the world of Lear and his subordinates sets the premise for the whole play, unravelling within the first few pages, themes which I believe will become increasingly evident. The scene opens with the introduction of three characters – Kent, Gloucester and Edmund. Of these three characters the only one who seems not to have been shown in an unfavourable light yet, by this brief introduction, is Kent. This could be intentional to set It is made clear Edmund is a bastard, and therefore illegible for proper acknowledgement as the son of an Earl.†¦show more content†¦At this point of the scene it can be clearly noticed how similar Goneril and Regan are, as Regan asks Lear to measure her worth as he measured Goneril’s. This closeness seems symbolic in a way to the close-knit coven in Macbeth, as these women seem to have underlying deceptive qualities. Before considering Cordelia’s answer to Lear, we must note her comments made during Gone ril and Regan’s ‘speeches’. This is keen use of the aside speech by Shakespeare as the audience would be able to hear Cordelia’s confusion over what her response shall be and her truthful belief that her love is more ponderous than her tongue. Her indecision over what to say to her father shows really how much she does not want to offend him, but instead she does the opposite, as he cannot see beyond his pride, to her loyal words. When she says â€Å"Nothing†, she is indicating to him that he should no the worth of her love for him. The king, shocked with this appearance of ingratitude in his favourite child, desired her to consider her words, and to mend her speech, lest it should mar her fortunes. Cordelia then tells Lear that she loves him according to her station, and as much as he loves her as his daughter. She is as she says â€Å"young†¦and true†. Lear is obviously hurt but it seems, due to the severity of his actions, that his pride and title have been harmed more. He disowns her and she becomes his â€Å"sometime daughter†. At this point Kent intervenes on Cordelia’s behalfShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Act 1 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares King Lear1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Act 1 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares King Lear In a play of immense grandeur, Shakespeare has created within King Lear; a character so depraved that he appears to step beyond the realms of forgiveness. Act 1ii is the keystone of King Lear - its significance and influence radiates throughout the whole of the play. 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