The Prevalence Of Mental Health Disorders - 1335 Words

The prevalence of mental health disorders in the Unites States is growing exponentially. According to the Center for Disease Control (2015), one out of five adolescents are diagnosed with a mental health disorder and 15 million children are estimated with a mental health diagnosis. Having resources available to this population from the advanced schools of psychology is vital to maintaining healthy interventions for our future children and adolescents. Furthermore, it’s imperative to review not only the diagnosis of the children experiencing mental health systems, but to also review systemically the entire health spectrum of the child’s wellness and deficiencies. According the American Psychological Association (2017), these levels can†¦show more content†¦Specifically, these collaborative efforts included: the review and completion of paperwork such as the informed consent, explaining the limits of confidentiality, and the process related to completing the learning conversation. Contacting the parents before the meeting to develop an initial or pre-assessment of the child’s and adolescent’s interests and topics in addition to real-life interaction with children and adolescents was purposeful in completing the interviews towards experience in working with these populations. Participant and Question Selection Process The selection process of choosing participants for this assignment focused on a set criterion necessary for a productive learning conversation. The participants that I chose were cousins that I don’t see often since they live very far away and we typically don’t keep in contact with each other. In the initial request for the learning conversation permission, I called the participants home. I proceeded to explain the project to the parents, child, and adolescent. My interviewees were siblings and both of them and the parents verbally agreed to participating in the learning conversation. The participants were representative of a convenience sample since both were available to be interviewed on the same day. After selecting my participants and having an initial assessment from the parents, I began to look at the process of selecting questions. IShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Epidemiology Of Major Depressive Disorder In Canada1111 Words   |  5 Pagesat the data regarding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD) from four countries and compared it with the data from the United States. The countries are Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and Mexico. For Canada, we referred to the study Descriptive Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder in Canada in 2012. In this study, they used a survey called Canadian Community Health Study - Mental Health (CCHS-MH) to evaluate Major Depressive Disorder among their participants. 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Community Policing in Canada Essay - 908 Words

Community Policing in Canada Community policing is a relatively new model of service delivery that is employed by the majority of police forces across Canada. Community policing however, is not a â€Å"new† approach, it is more correctly a renewal or re-emergence of the old approach developed in Metropolitan London (Leighton Normandeau, p.21). The amendments to the current system are evident in Leighton Normandeau’s (1990) review of the future of community policing. The ideas behind the move to community policing was; â€Å"a vision in which the ultimate consumers of police services, the citizens themselves, have input into the setting of priorities by their local department and play an active role in dealing with crime and†¦show more content†¦al). An eye-opener that called for a serious re-evaluation of the current service became evident in a review of incoming calls, â€Å"in 1991, 60,000 calls to the police complaint line were abandoned by citizens prior to being answered. 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Theories on Resource Curse Free Essays

Introduction The resource curse or excess availability of natural resources presents a particularly interesting analysis when it comes to economics and often underpins many of the policies and theories which can be looked at in relation to how the government can organise its own economic behaviour, so as to achieve long-term economic growth (Acemoglu, 1996). The purpose of this section of the literature review is to look at factors associated with the resource curse. In particular, the explanations of the resource curse and the way in which they may potentially be dealt will be examined, before putting the resource curse into context and then discussing measurement techniques and policy approaches and looking specifically at how these may be used in relation to the resource curse in Libya. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories on Resource Curse or any similar topic only for you Order Now Crucially, it is noted that there is empirical data to suggest that countries with a higher level of natural resources were also seen to be displaying trends of low economic growth (Alexeev and Conrad, 2009). This seemingly presents a potentially interesting point of analysis for those involved in developing policies that will enable a country with a high level of natural resource to achieve a better level of economic growth as a result (Alexeev and Conrad, 2009). In the leading research undertaken by Sachs and Warner (1995, 1999, 2001), it was shown that any nation with very high levels of natural resources would typically find that it has lower economic growth, particularly when the figures are looked at in a whilst taking into account demographic, economic or political differences. At the outset, the work by Sachs and Warner, in 1995, aimed to look at the seeming anomaly that countries with a high level of a specific resource were performing poorly, in terms of economic growth (Michaels, 2011). This issue was later the focus of many different areas of research, with specific case studies being used as a means of establishing why these natural resources were ultimately having a negative impact on overall economic growth. As a result of this, several theories emerged over the years as to why precisely the resource curse has evolved and whether there are different ways in which resources can be viewed so as to potentially reduce the impact of such natural resource excess in a country such as Libya (Bleaney and Nishiyama, 2002). The concept that natural resources may become what was seen to be an economic curse emerged during the 1980s, with the actual terminology â€Å"resource curse† first being used in 1993 (Sachs and Warner, 1995). These theories essentially created an analysis of a counterintuitive situation whereby it was shown that countries with a high level of natural resource were not developing economic growth at the expected rate. A wide variety of studies, notably those by Sachs and Warner (1995) aimed to show the link between natural resources and economic growth, which then led to a wide variety of studies on precisely why this negative relationship appeared to exist (Mauro, 1995). As a result, a wide variety of different theories have been used as a means of describing why this relationship exists. Theories of Resource Curse Although there have been various research projects looking at specific explanations of the resource curse, which will be looked at in more detail below, there has also been a body of research which has looked more generally at the theories of resources and why such situations have emerged, in the first place. Each of these factors will be looked at in turn; however, a brief overview of the theory will provide strong background understanding. Dutch Disease One of the leading explanations to be presented in relation to the resource curse theory is that of the â€Å"Dutch Disease† theory established by Matsuyama (1992), which argues that when an organisation or country specialises in a particular type of resource production, the combination of the specialisation as well as the appreciation of the exchange rate will then result in a decline and will become more conducive to other industries which are not going to lead to the same economic growth (Lutz, 1994). Fundamentally, it is argued that this type of resource curse can lead to other factors such as the industrial sector generally lagging behind as they are not the main driving force within the economy (Fosu, 1996). The underlying notion of this theory is that the level of expansion experienced as a result of the use of natural resources is not going to be large enough to offset the negative effect of failure to industrialise other sectors in order to support central economic growth within the relevant industrial sector. Furthermore, this type of reliance on natural resources can impact on the way in which exports are treated within countries with a high level of natural resources which will be looking towards exporting these natural resources and may even do so in preference to other exports, which could ultimately improve economic growth (Papyrakis and Gerlagh. 2007). The empirical example which was used during the development of the Dutch Disease concept was used by The Economist, in 1977, when it looked towards explaining why there had been such a dramatic decline in the manufacturing sector across the Netherlands, since natural oil fields had been found eighteen years earlier. Research in the area of the Dutch Disease concept has focused on a situation whereby there has been a natural resource discovery, although it is noted that this could potentially be used as the same concept when there is any large inflow of foreign currency. For example, it could be due to substantial foreign investment or a large amount of assistance from abroad (Manzano and Rigobon, 2006). The classical version of Dutch Disease was developed by Corden and Neary (1982), although it is noted that the actual terminology was used previously by The Economist, five years earlier, showing that the notion of Dutch Disease had been in place for several years, even if the underlying reasons and theoretical analysis took a while in being formulated. During the analysis in 1982, the research took on board the fact that certain booming sectors, such as the extraction of oil or the extraction of natural gases, are looked at alongside the lagging sectors, which would seem to be the manufacturing sectors, but also referred to other sectors, such as agriculture, depending on the nature of the country in question (Lederman, and Maloney 2003). However, the fundamentals of the research suggested that there was a booming sector and a lagging sector and again this supports the idea that, although the issues associated with the Dutch Disease have focused on a natural resource boom, including the underlying reason for an economic boom in a given sector (Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian, 2003). During this initial research, it was found that the level of resources can affect the quality of that country, in specific ways. The first being the resource movement affect whereby the resource boom increases demand for labour in that particular sector and labour is therefore diverted away from other sectors into the booming sector. The actual impact of this effect can be variable, depending on the nature of the sectors involved, where the lagging sector has not historically employed a large number of people. The second effect is that of the spending effect, which occurs as a result of the dramatic increase in resources being brought forward by the boom, in any given sector. Moreover, where there is an increased demand for certain non-traded goods, the price of the goods involved will then increase. Despite this, the prices in these sectors are set on an international basis and therefore cannot change, thus causing an increase in the real exchange rate within the country (Sala-i-Mar tin and Subramanian, 2003). Given the potential merit of this argument presented in a relatively rudimentary form, back in the early 1980s, several models of international trade have looked to develop this notion in a bid either to support or disprove the argument that the Dutch Disease theory can be used to explain why resources emerge in countries, such as Libya (Meier and Rauch, 2000). When looking at basic resource-based international trade models, it can be argued that a country will typically specialise in whichever industries have a competitive advantage within the relevant country which is particularly rich in one or more natural resources and which, according to international trade models, would be better off specialising in the extraction and sale of these natural resources. Despite the seeming conflict with these international trade models, theories have been developed around this international trade body, which suggests that specialisation to this extent could be detrimental. For example, where the natural resource begins to dwindle and where there is a downturn in prices, the country cannot then adapt and refocus on the now lagging industries, at a rate which would make it commercially viable. Investment may also be slow from firms, particularly in the lagging sectors, which then creates an even greater gap between the booming and lagging sectors. Research in this area has looked not only at the effect, but also at the large amount of expertise involved in focusing on minimising the impact of Dutch Disease, looking at specific examples of this type of scenario, in a bid to consider how countries such as Libya can look to minimise the effect of Dutch Disease theory, if it begins to emerge within their jurisdiction (Stern, 2008). According to existing research, there are two key ways in which threats associated with the Dutch disease can be reduced. Firstly, the country can look towards slowing down the appreciation of the real exchange rate; and secondly, it can take measures towards boosting the way in which the lagging sector is operating, from a competitive point of view (Auty 2001). For example, the country could attempt to neutralise the revenues from the boom sector by ensuring that not all of the revenues are brought into the country, at once. By maintaining the revenues in some form of funds abroad and then bringing them into the country slowly, this will then reduce the negative effect discussed above, and will reduce the impact on the real exchange rate. This approach can be politically unpopular, as these types of resource booms are often seen as a means of alleviating economic harm in the region, such as poverty. It can also be difficult from a political point of view for those in charge of finan cial resources, at a particular point in time, whowish to secure the future of the government and will typically aim to have a legacy of success and will therefore want to utilise the financial resources available to them. Despite this, there are several examples of these types of wealth funds, such as the government pension fund in Norway, the state oil fund of Azerbaijan and the Future Generations fund, which was established in the state of Kuwait, back in 1976 (Barbier, 2005). The second approach, which is to improve the competitiveness of other sectors, can be done through government investment in specific areas of infrastructure. Linked to this can be the approach of protectionism, although this can potentially worsen the effect of Dutch Disease. This therefore requires careful consideration by the government as to how it is going to protect the lagging sector in such a way that does not result in a false market which is simply not sustainable in the long run (Mehlum et al 2006). Finally, although the existence of Dutch Disease has been readily accepted by various theorists in this area, difficulties do emerge when it comes to actually diagnosing whether or not a particular country is subject to Dutch Disease, at that point in time. Accordingly, improving the relationship between the increase in a particular natural resource and a decline in another sector and a change in the real exchange rate can be difficult, as these trends may actually emerge over a long period in time (Ross, 2001). For example, the Balassa-Samuelson effect refers to the situation whereby productivity increases and has an impact on real exchange rate, this will only go a small way towards explaining and diagnosing whether Dutch Disease is being experienced in an individual country, at that point in time. Even when looking at the location in which the concept of Dutch Disease has emerged in the Netherlands, there is still some debate amongst economists that the decline of the manufacturin g industry in the Netherlands was actually caused by the level of spending on social services and not by a natural resource curse at all. Establishing this link can therefore be a particularly difficult element of diagnosing the Disease and can therefore be a barrier towards putting in place suitable policies to mitigate, or even remove, the impact of Dutch Disease when it does occur (Davis, 2003). As well as the concept of Dutch Disease, there are multiple other factors which could potentially go some way towards explaining the existence of the resource curse, all of which have their own potential merit attached to them. Political Conflict Where a country has an immediate need for economic income often provokes conflict within society, while each entity looks to gain the most out of the natural resources that have been discovered. Conflict is obvious in some jurisdictions, with groups of people openly competing over the natural resources in their region. In many cases, the conflict can be somewhat hidden, with different groups within society all competing secretly for budgetary allocation from the government, thus creating a situation whereby the government finds it harder to operate effectively and is consistently navigating conflict between the various groups (Bannon and Colllier,2003). This theory suggests that a country with a large amount of natural resources may be more susceptible to internal and political conflict. This, in turn, can cause difficulties for the government, when it comes to establishing a strong economic performance and a suitably robust governance structure. For example, research by Bannon and C olllier, in 2003 , suggested that where a country has commodity exports which make up approximately 25% of gross domestic product, it then has a 33% risk of internal political conflict, whereas if it exports just 5% of gross domestic product, the expectation of internal conflict reduces to just 6%. Similarly, research in the area of the resource curse has shown a tendency of naturally rich resource countries to become involved in international conflict, or indeed to be the target of international conflict (Stijns, 2005). Specific examples in recent times include Iran and Kuwait, as well as Libya which has become involved in disputes with its neighbouring region of Chad. Whilst the direct link between international conflict and natural resources remains relatively unproven, the continuous unease within the relationship between Western powers and oil-rich states is evident and certainly supports at least some arguments that a state with a large amount of natural resources will be more susceptible to becoming involved in international conflict. Rent Seeking Further theoretical background that has emerged in the area of the resource curse is that of rent seeking, suggesting that this can be used as a means of ascertaining why there is a negative growth where there is also an abundance of natural resources (Robinson et al., 2006). Rent seeking behaviour, refers to the situation whereby an individual or a particular firm will look towards increasing their own share of wealth available within the country, without necessarily increasing the overall level of wealth experienced by the country as a whole (Baland and Francois, 2000) This can typically be achieved by manipulating regulatory agencies or trying to gain some form of advantage in the market, while placing others at a competitive disadvantage. This type of rent seeking behaviour, particularly from those involved in a high level of management of natural resources can then create a situation whereby those individuals benefit and the overall country does not (Papyrakis and Gerlagh, 2004) . The concept of rent seeking was developed in 1974 by Krueger and, although the modern rent seeking behaviours have little to do with the payment of a lease or property rental, but rather looking at the way in which profits and wages are divided across groups of individuals, by referring to the ways in which they control natural resources. Rent seeking behaviour refers to the attempt by an individual to obtain a proportion of income which is not reflective of their fair portion, by manipulating the environment around them, either socially or economically, in order to extract an excess rent from their activities. This is often seen to be inherently linked to the concept of corruption. Furthermore, where there is an abundance of natural resource being held within the hands of this type of individual, rent seeking behaviour becomes harmful and can result in a monopolistic power being held by a small group of individuals, without necessarily benefiting the overall welfare of the state (To rvik 2002). By looking at the theories associated with rent seeking behaviour, there are substantial negative consequences, which can emerge and could go some way towards explaining why the resource curse can become extremely influential within certain regions. From a theoretical point of view, there is a substantial moral hazard associated with rent seeking behaviour. For example, when individual entrepreneurial tycoons within the natural resource industry are in a position where they can purchase a better regulatory environment at a cheaper rate than they would be able to otherwise, in order improve efficiency within their own operations, there is an incentive to opt towards corruption. This might involve purchasing the regulatory environment that they wish, rather than focusing on becoming more efficient, which would ultimately benefit the whole industry. Where this type of scenario emerges, there is a strong argument that rent seeking behaviour of this nature can potentially have a detriment al impact on the overall production within states. This is because rent seeking behaviour is inherently linked to the reaction of the government and situations which may be deemed to be poor governance and corruption. Rent seeking behaviour in itself, therefore, cannot be used as an explanation for the resource curse. Furthermore, it has been argued by economists, such as Stigilz (2012), that rent seeking behaviour can be used to explain how social inequality of income earners’ living standards emerge in certain countries or regions within countries. Again, whilst this is not directly linked to the rent seeking behaviour causing the resource curse, by taking this theory one step further, it can be argued that rent seeking behaviour creates inequality, whether this be inequality of income for individuals in a country or inequality for the treatment of particular trade sectors, e.g. inequality between the natural resources and the other industries such as manufacturing. Corruption / Governance Issues Volatility within natural resources can create particular challenges for the government in any country where natural resources are the dominant source of income. Simply looking at the price fluctuation of crude oil over the last few decades, it can be seen that the price of crude oil has gone as low as three dollars per barrel and has gone up as high as $145 per barrel. This type of volatility can make it very difficult for any government, or indeed private organisation, to manage its investment and production policies so as to maximise the potential wealth available. When relying on one specific natural resource such as oil or gas that is subject to international price volatility, it can be particularly difficult when it comes to planning debt services in dealing with government planning (Davis, 2003). Even where the government is being astute and transparent, it simply does not have a crystal ball and cannot predict the future in a way that would enable it to hedge bets or to smoot h out any income volatility as a result of the international market (Davis, 2001). Linked to this is the danger that the government will enter into agreements for excessive borrowing, based on the notion that the income will continue to be lucrative and in order to support or improve an aspect of the country such as health of education (Fatas and Mihov, 2003). It may have been prudent at the point at which the debt was taken out, as sudden changes in prices and volatility within the market soon create a situation whereby the government is unable to service the debt it has have entered into. In particular, this was seen to cause problems in Nigeria and Venezuela, where the governments rapidly expanded their level of debt on the back of the oil boom of the 1970s, but then when oil prices dropped in the 1980s, this meant that the governments could no longer make the repayments and the debt spiralled out of control (Fosu, 1996). In a similar way, corruption is perceived to be a potentially strong explanatory factor as to why countries with a large amount of natural resources find themselves with relatively low economic growth, overall (Fosu, 1996). In order for economic policies and growth to be used to assist in this way for long-term growth there has to be a relatively high level of transparent governance. To a large extent, it can be seen as easier to maintain authority through ensuring that resources are allocated to the dominant parties, i.e. those involved in the natural resource industry. As such, the need to build up other infrastructures, such as governance of the other sectors, has notably diminished and the regulatory structure that underlies the economy becomes underdeveloped and unable to deal with the level of income being derived. Corruption within the political parties is also becoming an issue where there is a resource rich country and the politicians are providing for themselves and not the general economy. With offshore tax havens being readily available, politicians are able to conceal this type of commercial gain to such an extent that it simply is not sufficiently transparent (Van der Ploeg, and Poelhekke, 2010). This concern was the subject of a report written by the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee, titled â€Å"Petroleum and Poverty Paradox†. In this report, it was stated that: â€Å"too often, oil money that should go to a nation’s poor ends up in the pockets of the rich, or it may be squandered on grand palaces and massive showcase projects instead of being invested productively†. Lack of Diversification / Lack of Development of Further Resources Finally, there is also a body of research which suggests that the resource curse can be attributed to the lack of attention and investment placed on other sectors (Cotet and Tsui, 2010). More specifically, when the region is producing such a large income stream, naturally, it can be tempting to ignore other areas, and in certain developing countries, the government in question will often rely heavily on the income being derived from natural resources, without planning for the future by developing the infrastructure in such a way that other factors can also evolve alongside the natural resource boom. Also, as it is relatively common for these natural resource industries to achieve a large amount of financial return, but not necessarily to provide a large amount of jobs, it can be the case that education and intellectual knowledge is disregarded (Ding, and Field, 2005). Furthermore, when looking at the human resource element, it can be seen that the natural resources industries will ty pically pay a much higher salary and this will typically attract the more able individuals within the economy to focus on this particular natural resource industry (Ding, and Field, 2005). As a result, many of the more educated individuals who would be capable of showing entrepreneurial activity within other industries may be diverted from the original course of action, in order to hopefully obtain higher salaries within the natural resource industry. This can result in some form of â€Å"brain drain† within the other industries, as more capable individuals naturally gravitate towards the higher paying salaries. As the natural resource industry begins to decline, this creates a real problem for the country, as a whole, because there is insufficient expertise present in the other industries to ensure that they can then develop to such an extent that the overall economy does not suffer (Gylfason, 2001). Resource Curse in Libya Having looked at the various different theories behind the resource curse and in a bid to ascertain whether or not the link between economic growth and high natural resources is somewhat accidental, or based on solid theories, it is helpful to consider the position specifically in Libya. The research theories above go some way towards potentially explaining the existence of the resource curse; however, undertaking a more detailed look at the situation in Libya should offer additional explanatory research as to how the resource curse evolves on a practical level. Research into the position in Libya is clearly important in the context of the wider research being undertaken here. However, it needs to be borne in mind that many of the reports emanating from Libya are likely to be driven by some form of political overtones and therefore there is a need to look at the situation in this context, in order to offer a higher level of objectivity (Tsui, 2011). Reports have suggested that it was grievances and social/economic unrest that actually lead to the revolution experienced in Libya in recent years. Oil resources in the region have allowed the country to accumulate naturally high levels of wealth which have resulted in many of the concerns listed above relating to the resource curse from a theoretical point of view. By the mid-1970s, Libya had an economy that was extremely focused on oil, with a lack of diversification into other sectors and industries, something which is seen to be inherent in the problems and the explanation provided for the lack of economic growth, despite a high level of natural resources (Dollar and Kraay, 2001). Although the upward spiral due to large oil resources remained as a central part of the Libyan economy growth for over 40 years, the revolution clearly demonstrates many of the key components identified as part of the resource curse above. When looking at the situation in Libya, it has been argued that issues of corruption and weak governance has been seen to be central in creating the revolution, which effectively ended the boom period in Libya (Smith, 1976). When looking at the difficulties faced by Libya, in recent years, several different explanations have been provided, many of which are very similar to those used to explain when looking at the resources curse as a more general concept. For example, the development of human capital has become very much centred on the oil industry. This has created a large amount of inequality between those individuals who are sufficiently educated to engage with the oil industry and those who are not. This type of display in inequality has resul ted in an extremely under-developed economy in all aspects other than the oil industry itself (Wheeler, 1984). Unsurprisingly, the dramatic decline and revolution in Libya, in recent years, has created much discussion about how Libya could potentially resolve the situation and place the country in a stronger position, going forward. If it were true to accept that Libya had suffered from a resource curse, it is likely that the resolution can also be found by looking at how other jurisdictions have dealt with their resources and the options available to them. One body of research, for example, has looked at whether or not the Alaskan solution could potentially offer opportunities for Libya in the aftermath of the civil crisis. According to the Alaskan Governor, in 1982, the key problem that the region faced was the lack of check and balance over how oil revenue was used, suggesting that this was the underlying reason for the high level of resources becoming a curse and not a benefit. With no control over how the income from the oil revenues is used, the key determinants for the resource curse can be seen to be experienced. For example, a high level of corruption was experienced within the political groups, all of whom were attempting to divert the natural resource revenues for their own gain. By allowing these types of diversions to take place, other industries failed to gain the investments necessary and the industry soon began to lack in both financial and human capital. By looking at the Alaskan situation, the problem being faced in Libya can be attributed almost entirely to the fact that the revenue streams were diverted to politicians and not used for the foundation of the country or for developing a general stability within the economy, so that other industries would not lag behind and where the country would be in a position to deal with long-term development from the short-term income gain (Leite and Weidmann, 2002). By taking this on board, it is argued that the key development for Libya, going forward, is the need to focus on ensuring that the income derived as a short-term gain, in this case from oil revenues, (although it could be in relation to any other form of short-term and immediate gain) is subsequently invested for the long-term. This would mean that the government is effectively forced into investing the wealth in a more objective and fair way. This argument, however, is linked to the notion that, although a high level of resource has been seen to be directly correlated to low economic growth, it is not clear whether it is a case of the actual natural resources causing the low growth, or whether it is the economic and political conditions that often emerge as a result of a booming natural resource that create the knock-on effect of low growth. It is this area of questioning that remains open for further discussion and will be relevant when it comes to determining how Libya should now look towards improving its position in the long run. In order to break the cycle, the actual pattern of the cycle first needs to be understood. Conclusion The issue of resources and the empirical evidence that links countries which have high natural resources with low economic growth has been established in multiple different previous research papers. What is not as clear, however, is where the resource curse emanates from and in this respect there is a distinct gap in the literature, particularly in relation to the position in Libya. Therefore, in order to establish how, having suffered from the negative repercussions of the perceived resource curse in Libya, or indeed in any other jurisdiction, and to make sure that they do not suffer from a similar fate in future, this research needs to start by identifying the root cause of the problem. The resource curse is not simply a case of cause and effect that can be easily mapped, with several potential interventions necessary to improve the overall economic conditions in similar countries, going forward References Acemoglu, D., (1995). Reward Structures and the Allocation of Talent. European Economic Review 39(1), 17-33. Acemoglu, D. (1996). â€Å"A Micro foundation for Social Increasing Returns in Human Capital Accumulation.† Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111(3), 779-804. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. and Thaicharoen, Y. (2003). ‘Institutional causes, macroeconomic symptoms: volatility, crises and growth’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 49-123. Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J.A., (2006). Economic backwardness in political perspective. American Political Science Review 100(1), 115-131. Alexeev, M. and Conrad, R. (2009). ‘The elusive curse of oil’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(3), 586-598. Atkinson, G. and Hamilton, K. (2003). ‘Savings, growth and the resource curse hypothesis’,World Development, 31(11), 1793–1807. Auty R.M. (1990). Resource-based industrialization: sowing the oil in eight developing countries. Clarendon, Oxford. Auty R.M. (1991). Managing mineral dependence: Papua New Guinea 1972–89. Natural Resources Forum, 90–99. Auty, R. (1994). â€Å"Industrial Policy Reform in Six Newly Industrializing Countries: The Resource Curse Thesis.† World Development, 22(1), 1165-1171. Auty, R. (2001). Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Baland J.M., Francois, P. (2000). Rent Seeking and Resource Booms. Journal of Development Economics 61(2), 527-42. Barbier, E. (2005). Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge University Press, New York and Cambridge. Barro, R. J. (1991). â€Å"Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.† Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-444. Barro, R. and X. Sala-i-Martin. (1992). â€Å"Convergence.† Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223- 51. Behrman, J., (1987). Commodity price instability and economic goal attainment in developing countries. World Development, 15(5), 559–573. 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(2008), ’Institutional traps and economic growth’, International Economic Review, 49(3), 1043-66. Gylfason, T. (2001). Natural resources and economic growth; what is the connection’, CESifo Working Paper No. 50. Gylfason, T. (2001). ‘Natural resources, education and economic development’, European Economic Review, 45(4), 847-859. Hartford, T., Klein, M. (2005). ‘Aid and the resource curse’, The World Bank Group, Private Sector Development Presidency Note No. 291 (Washington, DC: World Bank). Hirschman, A., (1958). The strategy of economic development. Yale University Press, New Haven. Humphreys, M., Sachs, J., Stiglitz, J. (2007). Escaping the resource curse (New York: Columbia University Press). Isham, J., Woodcock, M., Pritchett, L.,Busby, G. (2005). ‘The varieties of resource experience: natural resource export structures and the political economy of economic growth’, World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), 141-174. 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(2006), ‘Cursed by resources or institutions?’, The World Economy, 29(8), 1117-31. Meier, G., Rauch, J. (2000), Leading Issues in Economic Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Michaels, G., (2011). ‘The Long Term Consequences of Resource-Based Specialization’, Economic Journal, 121(551), 31-57. Papyrakis, E., Gerlagh, R. (2004). The resource curse hypothesis and its transmission channels. Journal of Comparative Economics 32(1), 181-193. Papyrakis, E. and R. Gerlagh. (2007). â€Å"Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in the U.S.† European Economic Review, 51(4), 1011-1039. Ross, M. L. (2001), ‘Does oil hinder democracy?’, World Politics, 53(3), 325–361. Robinson, James A., Ragnar Torvik, and Thierry Verdier. 2006. ‘‘Political Foundations of the Resource Curse.’’ Journal of Development Economics 79(2), 447–68. Sachs, J.D. and A.M. Warner. (1995). â€Å"Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth.† National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5398, December. Sachs, J., Warner, A. (2001), ‘The curse of natural resources’, European Economic Review, 45(4), 827-38. Sala-i-Martin, X., Subramanian, A. (2003). ‘Addressing the natural resource curse: an illustration from Nigeria’, NBER Working Paper No. 9804. Smith, A., [1776]1976. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Campbell, R.H., Skinner, A.S., Todd, W.B. (Eds.). Clarendon Press, Oxford. Stein, E., Tommasi, M., Echebarria, K, Lora, E., Payne, M. (2005), The politics of policies:economic and social progress in Latin America (Washington DC: IDB). Torres, N., Afonso, O., Soares, I. (forthcoming). Oil abundance and Economic Growth – A Panel Data Analysis. Forthcoming in Energy Journal. Stern, N. (2008). ‘The economics of climate change’, American Economic Review, 98(2), 1-37. Stijns, J. (2005). Natural resource abundance and economic growth revisited. Resources policy, 30(2), 107-30. Torvik, R. (2002). ‘Natural resource rent seeking and welfare’, Journal of Development Economics, 67(2), 455-70. Tsui, K. (2011), ‘More oil, less democracy: evidence from worldwide crude oil discoveries’, Economic Journal, 121(551), 89-115. Van der Ploeg, F., and Poelhekke, S. (2010), ‘The pungent smell of ‘red herrings’: subsoil assets, rents, volatility and the resource curse’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 60(1), 44-55. Wheeler D. (1984). Sources of stagnation in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 12(1), 1–23. Wright, G., Czelusta, J. (2004). ‘‘The Myth of the Resource Curse.’’ Challenge, 47(2), 6–38. How to cite Theories on Resource Curse, Essay examples

The Last Czar Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Last Czar Essay, Research Paper The Last Czar Have you of all time heard of Gregory Efimovich Rasputin, the sanctum adult male, the mad monastic? The first clip I heard of the huffy monastic and his engagement within the Alexandra Palace in Tsarkoe, Selo I was truly moved by the bend of events ; that lead to the overthrow of the Russian imperial system, the deposition of the House of Romanov and the blackwash of the Imperial Family. The huffy monastic was in the highest circles of St. Petersburg society, and captured the attending of the higher reverends of the Russian Empire. The monastic performed his miracles within the castle on the imperial twosome s boy, Tsarevich Alexis Nicholaievich, who was born with Hemophilia. In my narrative of the huffy monastic and the imperial household you will larn why the mad monastic was loved, and why he was hated in the circles he traveled. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Czar Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I will besides uncover the dark side of this alleged sanctum adult male ; one of a adult male with a debauched, and eternal sexual appetency. Undoubtedly, the Empress Alexandra neer had dealingss of a sexual nature with Rasputin ; he was a therapist to her boy, Alex, the inheritor to the throne, when he had a hemorrhage crisis. Alexandra put her religion into Rasputin, she became dependent on him, and she saw no incorrect in the his ways. Many of the Orthodox reverends became disbelieving of the monastic and his close engagement with the imperial household, the Romanov household members of Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich besides became concerned and wanted him to be sent off. With many prayers from Tsars Nicholas s household to direct the monastic off, Nicholas was so in love with Alexandra, that he could non direct the monastic off for fright of his boy shed blooding to decease and his household falling to pieces. Rasputin had great influence over the imperial household, and his a ctions doing indignation, gave a disgraceful image to the imperial household. Without hold, from rumours about the monastic, and his drunken parties, of wild sexual behaviour, Nicholas punished Rasputin by directing him back to the states. Rasputin as summoned by Alexandra non long after his going, when the Empresses boy had another hemorrhage crisis. A penitent Rasputin, was neer once more challenged and his behaviour remained every bit iniquitous as of all time. Rumors of Rasputin ranged anyplace from him holding binges in his cellar to holding sex with cocottes. Despite the monastic s imbibing turns, and philandering ways, Rasputin remained in high circles. Consequently, some of the household members of the Romanov s took affairs in to their ain custodies and plotted to assassinate the monastic. The slayers were believed to hold been the Tsra s cousin, the Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, and the Prince Felix Youssoupov. Rasputin was invited by Youssoupov to his huge Petrograd castle on December 16, 1916. Rasputin ate tea biscuits, and drank vino ; any of which were filled with adequate nitrile to hold killed six work forces. When the huffy monastic did non decease from the toxicant, he was so changeable. Rasputin gained consciousness and crawled his last stairss to the gate of the entryway of the Petrograd castle, where he was so changeable and beaten. Rasputin s organic structure was found in icy H2O s of Neva on December 19. Rasputin s bonds were broken upon find. This indicated that he did non decease until his organic structure was submerged into the icy Waterss, and his lungs filled with H2O, submerging him. Furthermore, Nicholas and Alexandra exiled the plotters and said that no penalty could of all time be excessively great for the offenses they committed. Alexandra read a missive from Rasputin written merely before he died. In the missive, he said that he knew his life would stop in a few yearss, and if anyone else besides her household killed him, she would be safe ; but if it was her household who killed him, within two old ages her whole household would be dead. After the decease of Rasputin Nicholas lost his throne, and some of the Romanov cousins were killed by a Bolshevik fire squad. The Tsar s household, and their staff were imprisoned in a house in Ekatinburg. On July 16, 1918 The Tsar, Aleaxandra, their 14 twelvemonth old boy, their four girls, and staff members were taken into a half cellar room and killed by a Bolshevik secret constabulary firing squad. The organic structures have neer received a proper entombment, and today the castanetss remain in cellar.

7 LITERARY STANDARDS FOR WORLD LITERATURE Flashcard

7 LITERARY STANDARDS FOR WORLD LITERATURE

Breaking the Limits What It Takes to Be a Monster Professor Ramos Blog

Breaking the Limits What It Takes to Be a Monster Moumita Milton English 1027th August 2019 Monsters are a paradoxical cultural phenomenon: although abnormal creatures inspire fear and uncertainty, the movies featuring them never lose popularity. This statement is particularly true of Frankenstein, a popular interpretation of Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Surprisingly, the 19th century novel has dozens of cinematographic interpretations exciting the public imagination, despite all the breakthroughs in the field of medicine. This paper will examine the canonical Frankenstein produced in 1931 by Carl Laemmle Jr. The objective of the analysis is to explain why the outbreak of the Great Depression was the right time for the monster horror film based on the philosophical novel about the physical and ethical limits of human capabilities. Frankenstein is a monster film telling the story about things going wrong and disturbing the pastoral life in a village of the Bavarian Alps. While ignoring his fiancà ©e’s suasions, the young scientist Henry Frankenstein seeks to create human life from different parts that he and his assistant Fritz have been collected from various sources. Despite its simple and innocent character, the creature inspires fear in many people, which becomes the beginning of a sad saga about the consequences of human attempts to play the god. The monster kills several people but saves the master’s life at the cost of his own existence. The story of the monster was a success given that the box office exceeded the budget almost fifty times (The Numbers n. p.). Therefore, it is interesting to learn why a fairly simple plot attracted thousands of people seeking to survive amidst the global economic crisis. At times, monsters come back explaining why the plain story does not lose its relevance. Jeffrey Cohen, probably the most famous monster expert, asserts that a monster always escapes to â€Å"reappear someplace else† (4). Cohen mentions that â€Å"No monster tastes of death but once†; and this statement may explain why Shelley’s story gained an unexpected popularity with the 20th century public (5). In Shelley’s novel, the monster disappears after Frankenstein tries to shoot him to emerge a century later bringing an important message to who it may concern. (Frankenstein, Boris Karloff, 1931) The message that the creature brings has been bothering experts for decades. According to Lamb, it is the message about the limits of human will that had been significantly extended by Victor Frankenstein’s attempts to create the human life (305). Similarly, Salotto interprets Frankenstein’s experiments as a way to remember himself and reconstruct own identity by creating â€Å"a creature of his likeness† (190). Salotto asserts that Frankenstein’s attempt to manufacture a creature from different parts of various human bodies is a way to survive the traumatic loss experience (191). Frankenstein seeks to recover after his mother’s death by creating someone who is similar to him but who is not overwhelmed by sad memories. The numerous interpretations of Frankenstein’s decision agree on the fact that a monster appears at some critical point in the individual or collective history. For instance, Hartman asserts that monsters reveal the tension between tradition and innovation predetermining the national course (1). Interestingly, this assumption is valid in the context of Frankenstein. Shelley wrote the novel as a rebel against the â€Å"age of reason† underlying the superiority of logic over traditional values like faith(Lamb 305). The 17th and 18th century Enlighteners believed scholars could conduct the experiments that were previously viewed as immoral (Lamb 305). In turn, Shelley created the monster to show that going against the laws of religion and morality would have disastrous consequences. A century later, people followed the monster story because it resonated with changes occurring in their personal existence and the life of the entire country. The cinemagoers saw the destruction of the old world and emergence of the new economic order. The changes were so terrifying that the story of the monster was ironically comforting. Moreover, watching Frankenstein could be motivating by seeing the difference between the monster and the viewers made of flesh and blood. According to Cohen, â€Å"†¦the monster is an incorporation of the Outside, the Beyond – of all those loci that are rhetorically placed as distant and distinct† (7). Although the monster is made from different parts of the human body, he is very different from an average person in terms of physical and mental capabilities; and understanding of the difference evokes a pleasant sense of self excellence. At the beginning of Frankenstein, the monster is timid and awkward, hence, requires a master to oversee his actions and protect him. As the monster leaves the place where he was created, he learns to interact with other people. However, the attempts have dramatic consequences and eventually result in the monster being captured and killed. The scene where the monster saves the master’s life at the cost of his own aims to underline the superiority of a man over an abnormal creature. Since the monster is different from the master, his life appears to be less valuable, and the scene where Baron Frankenstein celebrates the wedding of the recovered Henry seems logical. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the fact that a monster always dwells at the door of difference. According to Cohen, the thesis implies that all the things making a monster different from a man â€Å"originate Within† (7). The statement means that the monstrous difference is an exaggeration of cultural, political, or economic differences. Therefore, people attribute monstrous features to a phenomenon that they cannot understand or control. For instance, scientific experiments may inspire fear because of the unpredicted consequences. Unfortunately, people are unwilling to take responsibility for their careless decisions, so the monstrous features are ascribed to the creature rather than the scientist manufacturing it. Nevertheless, Frankenstein suggests that the difference between the man and the monster may be subtle which encourages people taking a closer look into their choices and decisions. In Cohen’s theory, a monster is standing at the creator’s threshold looking for the reasons why he has arisen from the unknown (25). In a broader sense, the monster is the result of Frankenstein’s attempts to create someone who is like him but is not overburdened by moral dilemmas (Salotto 190). However, the 20th century suggested new reasons why the monster arose from the years of oblivion. Obviously, the monster is an allegory of the national economy that did not live up to the expectations and almost destroyed its creator. During the late 1920s and the early 1930s, American economy resembled Shelley’s monster manufactured from unsustainable ideas and driven by inflated expectations. When the monster left its gloomy shelter, thousands of people wondered how it happened that the creature came to life and made everyone feel insecure. In turn, capturing the monster meant there is always a solution if humans think of the ways how their own thoughts and actions preconditioned the disaster. Therefore, monsters will always be part of culture because they are the product of human desires, fears, and ambitions. The old monster plots do not lose their relevance because the abnormal creatures appear in the time of crisis and encourage people thinking how their worldview opened Pandora’s Box. Understanding of the relationship of a monster to a man is, probably, the best way to make the plot exciting and thought provoking. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. University of Minnesota Press, 1996, 3-25. Hartman, Emma. â€Å"Tradition vs. Innovation and the Creatures in Spirited Away.†Digital Literature Review, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 1-13. Laemmle, Carl, director. Frankenstein. Universal Pictures, 1931. Lamb, John B. â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Milton Monstrous Myth.† Nineteenth-Century Literature, vol. 47, no 3, 1992, pp. 303-319. Salotto, Eleanor. â€Å"Frankenstein† and Dis(re)membered Identity.† The Journal of Narrative Technique, vol. 24, no 3, 1994, pp. 190-211. The Numbers. â€Å"Frankenstein (1931) Domestic Box Office.† The Numbers, https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Frankenstein-(1931)#tab=summary. Accessed 6 August 2019. Annotated Bibliography Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. University of Minnesota Press, 1996, 3-25. Although monsters are a common occurrence in world culture, there is no consensus why they exist and continue to excite the imagination. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen argues that monsters embody a difference, hence inspire fear and uncertainty in their creators (3). Cohen further elaborates on the nature of monsters by putting forward seven â€Å"monster theses† (3). According to Cohen, the monster embodies a certain cultural moment, always escapes to reappear in another place or time, defies existing order and rules, reveals cultural differences, policies the borders of the possible, represents forbidden practices, and brings attention to the link with humans creating abnormal creatures (3-25). By introducing the theses, Cohen offers an insightful explanation why monsters emerge, develop, and reappear to appear somewhere in a different time or place. Moreover, the theses explain the longstanding phenomenon by shedding light on the link between the monsters and the people creating them. Hartman, Emma. â€Å"Tradition vs. Innovation and the Creatures in Spirited Away.†Digital Literature Review, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 1-13. Hartman suggests an in-depth analysis of Spirited Away, â€Å"the highest grossing film in the history of Japanese cinema†, with an aim to explain the essence of kami and their relation to Japanese culture (1). According to Hartman, kami possess monstrous features, like supernatural abilities or threatening agendas that are not quite understandable from a Western perspective. Nevertheless, examination of the kami through the prism of Japanese tradition suggests that the monsters embody the tension between tradition and innovation in the country (Hartman 1). Hartman asserts that the kami were invented with an aim to prevent the Japanese youth from slipping away from the tradition (1). Therefore, Hartman’s conclusion is in line with Cohen’s thesis that monsters portend a crisis (6). In Spirited Away, the kami appear when the tension between the traditional and innovative development reaches its peak and becomes a major cause for public concern. Lamb, John B. â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Milton Monstrous Myth.† Nineteenth-Century Literature, vol. 47, no 3, 1992, pp. 303-319. Lamb conducted an intertextual analysis to identify the relationship of Shelley’s Frankenstein to Milton’s Paradise Lost. According to Lamb, tracing the relationship between the two works is â€Å"problematic† because despite Milton’s hold on literary imagination, Shelley succeeded in â€Å"changing the discourse of identity from monologue to dialogue† (319). The changing discourse is insightful in terms of understanding who the monster is, why it has appeared, and whether he is able to survive without the master. The own voice is the distinctive feature of Shelley’s monster who can explain how he feels and why he seeks to find the master, despite the challenges on his way. When the creature gains his voice, the reader understands the moral dilemmas of engaging into forbidden practices and breaking taboos underlying the process of creating a monster. A person transcends the limits because of inner fear, uncertainty, and problematic identity. Salotto, Eleanor. â€Å"Frankenstein† and Dis(re)membered Identity.† The Journal of Narrative Technique, vol. 24, no 3, 1994, pp. 190-211. Salotto suggests an in-depth analysis of Shelley’s narrative as a way to explain the origins of one’s life. Although Frankenstein is divided among three narrators, the distinction between the narrative parts is arbitrary and suggests a close relationship between Frankenstein and the monster he has created. According to Salotto, Frankenstein’s experiments â€Å"to create a creature of his likeness† are the attempts to remember and reconstruct one’s own identity after the mother’s death (190). Salotto’s analysis explains Frankenstein’s decision to create a monster and addresses a plethora of moral dilemmas associated with the intention. Also, Salotto’s analysis elaborates on a number of Cohen’s monster theses. In particular, the examination of Frankenstein’s narration reveals the reasons why people create the creatures that inspire fear and uncertainty. Moreover, Salotto elaborates on Cohen’s seventh thesis by underlying the inextricable relationship between the monster and his creator.

A GIS process to select a suitable site for locating a hospital in Literature review

A GIS process to select a suitable site for locating a hospital in London where ambulances can reach people within 10 minutes - Literature review Example The site should be big enough to accommodate a hospital with about 7000 rooms where about 800 beds can be placed and more than fifty two thousand hospital equipment and furniture. The stated rooms can appear to be incredibly many but with rooms needed for emergencies, offices, rehabilitations, outpatient and inpatient services; they cannot be enough. A site accommodating such a hospital ought to be as big as forty football pitches to ensure that there is even available space for hospital employees and patients’ families parking. Additionally, the hospital prospected has to have a number of towers to save on cost and land. Currently, most hospitals have to deal with congestion and extreme struggling incase more facilities are needed. Having a lot of land like that stated above ensures that the hospital can build all facilities required. Expansion of hospitals after their construction is always an unavoidable act. For this reason, there is a need of buying land as big as the one stated above to cater for expansion in the later years1. London has four major parts that include the southwest London, southeast London, northeast London and north central London. According to statistics, there are about twenty hospitals in each stated part but most are not newly build. Among these hospitals, a number are faced with difficulties of managing cleanliness. In choosing a site for constructing a hospital, it is essential to ensure that the site is near to multiple sources of water and power. It is essential to realize most hospitals around the London town centre are faced with problems related to water shortages since they did not take precaution during construction. Some locations may have all the other qualities but lack water. This should not be such a major problem since there are artificial build wells and boreholes that can supply the hospital with enough water.

English Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - Research Proposal Example Introduction Currently, there are numerous changes in education of poor and minor students. Funding for their education should be increased. The American government should be interested in promotion and support of the future generation. Disparities between social groups in the American society are evident: â€Å"While some states rightfully have focused their attention on equitably funding their school districts, others have done little to close their funding gaps, and some gaps have grown even larger† (â€Å"Funding Gap†, 2004). The students’ achievements are guaranteed by proper investments of the American government. The state policy-makers should realize the fact that it is very important to provide poor students or ethnic minorities with the challenging curriculum, high-quality teachers, inspiration power of education and a regular control over the students’ successes. Therefore, it is argued further on that federal funding of education for students f rom poor or ethnic minority families should be guaranteed in the name of a sound nation, because education in the modern global world is the first and foremost issue of concern. Argument 1. Nowadays, there is a growing ethnic and social gap in America and the officials often claim that it is beyond their abilities to control education quality of children from ethnic minority families. ... es – could yet have a catastrophic effect on the competitiveness of an American workforce already under pressure from the emerging Asian economies of China and India† (Foster, 2012). Therefore, it is evident that it is beyond the abilities of the American government to take control over a coming childbirth potential of ethnic minority families, but the government is able to develop favorable conditions for a sound development of these families by making proper investments in education of their children. A future generation of Americans can be in a great trouble in case the government will not think about investments in education of ethnic minorities. Argument 2. It cannot be denied that children from poor families are the most vulnerable members of the society. Every day they should realize the fact that they are educated in a challenging and a favorable atmosphere. In accordance with recent data, children from poorer districts do not have enough resources for their deve lopment. It is evident that children from poor families do not have enough opportunities to develop their talents, and they need effective governmental support. Data on funding gaps is the following – in Illinois and New York the states have experienced the largest controversies in funding: â€Å"more than $2,000 per student; in Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Texas are among the states with funding gaps greater than $900 per student† (â€Å"Funding Gap†, 2004). These figures are impressive, and it is evident that every student should be treated individually in order to find appropriate financial funds for a proper investment. Argument 3. The educational opportunities for the students from ethnic minorities or poor families should be friendlier. These children have suffered

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Epistemology - Essay Example Different idealists have a different perception regarding how the substance is dependent on the consciousness. Therefore there are many diverse types of idealism. Subjective idealism is mainly simple and it can be said that this type of idealism is the most popular type of idealism. These idealists believe that substance is formed from the rational elements of the mind which examine it. For example, the feeling spectators have when going through a number of sensations is all that there actually is to those sensations. Subjective idealism might look a bit odd although there is the existence of definite reasoning behind it. Absolute idealism is the belief that the reality of tangible things rely on one fundamental psychological reality and not on the psychological elements of each person as an observer. These idealists believe that there is only one fundamental mental or holy object or standard whose psychological action and element strengthens the continuation of the tangible world. P luralistic idealism is a belief that numerous individual minds exist and jointly they motivate the subsistence of the world. They believe that person mind is the main foundation of reality.The term idealism was first coined by Leibniz (1646-1716), he used this term to while talking about the philosophy of Plato. However, in the history, this term normally signifies a time period from the end of the 1700s till the initial years of the next century. In actuality, idealism has a much wider historical scale.

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay Between the years 1933 and 1939 the Nazi regime in Germany grew incredibly fast. Hitler entered the National Socialists cabinet in January 1933, and two months after this, Hitler had strengthen his political power by supposedly, entirely legal means. In order to consolidate their power as a strong political party, the Nazis were determined to convince people of the value of their regime. One of the most direct means to convince the German people of the value of the National-Socialist ideas was through propaganda that appeals to the emotions and feelings of the German people after the crisis they had to experience after the First World War. In this paper I will attempt to identify the methods used by the Nazi party in order to acquire the attention of the people and to establish the National-Socialism as the main party in Germany, as well as the importance that the Propaganda had in the outcome of the National Socialist regime and of the actions taken by them during the years of the S econd World War. To achieve this I will analyze Germanys situation in the period of 1933 to 1939, where the National Socialist regime achieved its main aim -to become the main political power in the country- using propaganda as the main way to get the people ´s attention that would lead them and would give support to all the path of actions that were taken during the years of the war. I will analyse, for example, the importance of various legislative and administrative changes made by Hitler, the achievement of economical recovery as something that was used to appeal to the honour of the German people who were devastated by the consequences of the First World War, the creation of the sensation of fear through the use of imagery and language to control the people and how every ideal of the National-Socialist party was developed through propaganda. B. Summary of Evidence Although there are other very important factors to attribute the consolidation of power of the National Socialists, propaganda was definitely one of the major causes of this. Even though it is extremely difficult to measure the exact extent in which propaganda affected the Nazi consolidation, the huge propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as the savoir of Germany, had an enormous impact and influence on the German people. The master propagandist of the Nazi regime, Joseph Goebbels, was convinced that the Ministry had the mission of achieving mobilization and mind of spirit on Germany  [1]  . In 1930 he became the headmaster of the propaganda division of the National-Socialist party, in this position he built the basis of the mass manipulation through propaganda. When Hitler finally achieved power he was named Minister of Popular Illustration and Propaganda and it was then when he became determined to switch the ideals and the mind of the German people to act in favour of the Nazi party. As a consequence of the idea of changing the German people ´s mind as well as other National Socialist thoughts, Joseph Goebbels created a propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as a great man that helped the economical recovery of Germany -that was an important appeal to the German people considering the economic crisis they had to assume after the First World War-; he was portrayed as Germanys saviou r. Goebbels, in his attempt, to consolidate Nazi power and convince German people to support them, used the technique of total propaganda. In other words, the government had control over the media  [2]  . Goebbels took control of the newspapers, and although their writing style did not change, most the newspapers promoted fascism and Nazi German nationalism. Thanks to Goebbels ´ work and the impact of the total propaganda technique, he was undoubtedly responsible for the rise of Hitler to the power and too the centre of the political situation in Germany. His position as the Minister of public enlightenment and propaganda, gave him an absolute control of the mass communications media such as the press, radio, cinema and others. The culture created by the propaganda technique implemented and used by Goebbels created an entirely new era of mass manipulation. After they tested the effectiveness of the ministry of propaganda, and when the Nazi party was convinced about the importance of mass manipulation through media, they decided to split the Ministry into seven different departments. Once they had taken over most Germany, the propaganda ministry was split into seven different departments that included Radio, Film, Theater, Music, Literature, Visual Arts and, of course, Propaganda. Every aspect of the life in Germany was permeated by the Ministry, the re-education and the mobilization of mind and spirit of the German People stopped being just an ideal of the National-Socialist party and became a fact and a way to proceed to accomplish a Nazi state with Nazi ideals supported by all the German people. As the Nazi party was trying to convince German society that the National Socialist regime was the best for them, they were also taking part of the World War II. It was extremely important to convince people that fighting was necessary in order for Germany to stay stable. Propaganda played a highly important role in the confidence of German people that supported the war, the ministry of propaganda made sure that the moral of the German people and of the soldiers fighting the war stayed focused on the ideals of the Nazi party. Most of Nazi German propaganda consisted of material sustaining the wartime effort. Besides this, Hitler and the higher Nazi leaders encouraged racism and wished to begin the extermination of races that they considered inferior. Although there were already some unhappinesss between the German Jews and other Germans, it was still necessary to convince the German population that action against them was necessary. The Nazis used the idea of the perfect and pure rac e that was planted into the people ´s mind and that would lead to atrocities such as the Holocaust. They used posters stating facts like this to assure that the idea of the pure race would become important to every German person: The Aryan race is tall, long legged, slim. The race is narrow-faced, with a narrow forehead, a narrow highbuilt nose and a lower jaw and prominent chin, the skin is rosy bright and the blood shines through . the hair is smooth, straight or wavy possibly curly in childhood. The colour is blond. Of course, to state the priority of the German Maser Race, the propaganda ministry made the people believe that one of the reasons why Germany was defeated in the First World War (and that would lead to all the economic problems and the shattering of the German spirit) was because the German race had become impure when the Aryans began marrying non-Aryans. This implied that, in order to make Germany a strong country again and to make the people strong and confident, the Nazi party had to ensure the purity of the Aryan race. The use of the word pure was fundamental i n Nazi propaganda. Propaganda must not investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favourable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice; yet it must present only that aspect of the truth which is favourable to its own side. () The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. Such being the case, all-effectivepropaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped formulas.  [3]  This would explain why the use of simple words and formulas that appeal to the emotions of the audience were effectively used in Nazi propaganda  [4]  . These kind of statements, written by Hitler himself, prove that not everything said by the government was truth and that they were trying their best to convince people of the truths expressed in stereotyped formulas and repeated incessantly though every type of media communication owned by the Ministry of propaganda. It also shows Hitlers main intention by introducing Nazi propaganda, which was to convince everyone that the National Socialist regime was the best for Germany. Even when there were lots of types of propaganda, all of them ended in the same conclusion and had the same intention of persuading people to support the National Socialist regime ideals and everything implied by them-. Some historians think that the main reason why the Nazi Germany regime remained in place was, in fact, due to the fear factor created by the Nazi propaganda and the language used to appeal to people  [5]  . Language became, through the use of propaganda, a tool to manipulate and to lead society to obey without question the government and the radical ideas the Nazi party had. Organizations such as the SS  [6]  would work to wipe out anyone who didnt agree with what the Nazi propaganda said. Although the fear factor influenced and was seen in a large majority, it affected a small minority. Thanks to this fear people would stop speaking about issues related to the National Socialist regime, they stopped disagreeing about what the Nazi party was trying to impose. We could say that both fear and propaganda were the main factors that may have helped to consolidate the Nazi power. Nazis justified their actions through the use of propaganda, the manipulation of language and images, t he emotions and fears of the people and the idea of the pure race. An important example of this fact is what is known as The Night of the Long Knives, an opertation that took place on June 30th 1934 where the SS executed a series of political leader who were opposing to the Nazi ideas and to Hitler himself. The SS executed seventy men on charges of treason. Most of them were members of the SA also known as Sturmabteilung (Storm Section) or Brownshirts. This organization was openly against the National Socialist regime. This series of executions obviously caused more fear in society and decreased their rebellion intentions. C. Evaluation of Sources. Source 1:Randall L. Bytwerk , Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. This sources main purpose is to show why the Nazi propagandas had such a fast effect and how it impacted society from that time. It examines the range of techniques used by Nazis. It talks about how people were embraced by the propaganda; it describes how the propaganda was in control of basically every media of communication that is what made it a very good source for this paper. However the book also says that the effect of the propaganda did not last much and it explains that in a way, Nazi propaganda failed since they expected more of their propaganda than what it actually was able to do. This is one of the weaknesses if the source since it is a contradiction to what I am trying to prove which is that the Nazi propaganda had a huge effect in the outcome of the Nazi regime. Source 2:Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. This is a great source since it analyses every aspect of the effects of the Nazi propaganda, it explains how society was affected by it. It shows different kinds of perspectives, as the first source this one also says that the effect of the Nazi propaganda was not as big or as shocking as it is generally thought. It explains that the National Socialists were expecting propaganda to have a greater effect that what it had, however it had a part of the influence in the outcome of the Nazi regime. D. Analysis. Anyone who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published or sold any form of media or press had to first join one of the propaganda ministry departments and follow all the publishing rules they had. Hence, without the ministry license to practice their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers and directors could not work in their field. Along with these guidelines, they brought up the prohibition of all Jewish newspaper and media. Due to the abolition of every anti-Nazi publications and media in general, public felt that the overall mood of all the media was pro-Nazi. German people knew that disagreeing could cause a calamity, the terror present in German society at the Nazi time of government was ultimately what caused the consolidation of power in the Nazi Germany. The Nazi party conducted some symbolic acts such as the ceremonially book burning in 1933 that was proclaimed as an action against the un-German spirit that wanted to end with all the Jewish intellectualis m through a purge by fire, all of this was proclaimed by the Press and Propaganda Ofiice of the Deutsche Studentenschaff (Student Association). Without a doubt, the propaganda used by the Nazis was influential on the actions of the German society, the popularity of the propaganda used in ht theatre and in the movies was evident if we consider the increase of movie viewers between 1933 (1 million viewers) and 1942 (250 million viewers). The moral and confidence of the German people was increased as well through propaganda and even through architecture  [7]  . All the arts were involved with the propagation of Nazi ideals. The significant number of movie viewers was thanks to Goebbels idea that movies should not be overly propagandists and must be entertaining. However as in every other media, the ultimate goal was to influence people and drag them into Nazism. Goebbels considered that the appropriate propaganda to be used in the movies should be using dramas centred on historical and influential figures. There were also some very straightforward war films that contained clear pro-German and pro- nationalistic messages, other films that performed a slightly different propaganda function, such as 1936 Olympia, which showed that Germany could put on a magnificent show for the Olympics. The huge success of the films during this period conveyed to the public the sense that Nazi regime was a regime of modern progress, breaking barriers in technology, convincing public that remaining with the Nazi party would be the only solution in order to progress. The Olympic Games of 1936 were handed to Berlin before the Nazis came to power, and Hitler thought of this as the perfect opportunity to demonstrate the world how efficient the Nazi Germany was. The Berlin Olympic Games were also the perfect scenario for the Nazis to prove the power of the Master Race. The Nazis gave an outstanding performance in the use of radio for the reporters. Twenty transmitting vans were put at the disposition of the foreign media along with 300 microphones. The radio broadcasts at the Olympics were given in 28 different languages. The director of NBC in America congratulated the Nazis for this service; this was a great triumph for the Public Entertainment and Propaganda MinistryRadio could also be considered as one of the greatest and most convincing propaganda. For example the Volksempfanger; in 1933, 4.5 million German houses had broadcast access and were listening to it. This was thanks to the availability of inexpensive radios. A factor of success of the radio was its personal nature, while the cinema was experienced with others, the radio had the ability for the Nazi party to talk to people in their own home, and also they could share it with the public thanks to the speakers in the streets. E. Conclusion The National Socialist regime held absolute control over Germany between the years 1933 and 1939. The Nazis dominated every aspect of the everyday life of ordinary people and made it almost impossible for people to escape the influence of Nazism in their family, their work, and even thinking. Even though the Nazis did bring some prosperity to Germany in economic ways at that time, the overall Nazi regime was based on terror and it was centred on the transformation of Germany which could only be completed by affecting the lives and thoughts of most, if not all of the German citizens. Most of the Nazi ideals were mainly promoted through films, radio, theatres and newspapers controlled by the National Socialist regime. There was no way of avoiding it; it was spread across every form of entertainment and media of communication. A significant percentage of Germans seem happy with Nazi control, however, those who were not, were harshly punished by either the Gestapo or the SS. The propagan da used in the wartime had a massive effect in people causing lots of German Citizens to join the National Socialist ideas and helping the Nazis to gain control over almost every German citizen. F. Sources and Word Count Word Count: 1994 Bytwerk, Randall L. Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Nazi and East German Propaganda, Guide Page, German Propaganda archive. The Holocaust History Project ,